标题：Resilience, Regime Shifts, and Guided Transition under Climate Change: Examining the Practical Difficulties of Managing Continually Changing Systems
摘要：Managing terrestrial systems has become increasingly difficult under climate change as unidirectional shifts inclimate conditions challenge the resilience of ecosystems to maintain their compositional structure and function. Despite theincreased attention of resilience management to guide transformational change, questions remain as to how to apply resilienceto manage transitions. Rather than pushing systems across thresholds into alternative states, climate change may create a stepwiseprogression of unknown transitional states that track changing climate conditions. Because of this uncertainty, we must findways to guide transitioning systems across climate boundaries towards states that are socially and environmentally desirable.We propose to ease the uncertainty of managing shifting systems by providing an approach to adaptive management that wecall guided transition, where socially and environmentally important ecosystem functions are preserved through transitions byconsidering and maintaining the species and structures needed for the desired functions. Scientifically, it will require a betterunderstanding of the relationships between structure, species composition, and function for specific systems. Managers will alsoneed to identify important functions at the local, regional, and national scale, and to determine how best to transition systemsto a desired state based on existing scientific knowledge. Guided transition, therefore, helps guide the process of adaptivemanagement by specifying a function-based management pathway that guides transitions through climatic changes
关键词：ecosystem function; ecosystem structure; resilience management; species composition; unidirectional shifts
