摘要：Complexity thinking is increasingly being embraced by a wide range of academics and professionals as imperativefor dealing with today's pressing social–ecological challenges. In this context, action researchers partner directly withstakeholders (communities, governance institutions, and work resource managers, etc.) to embed a complexity frame of referencefor decision making. In doing so, both researchers and stakeholders must strive to internalize not only "intellectual complexity"(knowing) but also "lived complexity" (being and practicing). Four common conceptualizations of learning (explicit/tacitknowledge framework; unlearning selective exposure; conscious/competence learning matrix; and model of learning loops) areintegrated to provide a new framework that describes how learning takes place in complex systems. Deep reflection leading totransformational learning is required to foster the changes in mindset and behaviors needed to adopt a complexity frame ofreference. We then present three broad frames of mind (openness, situational awareness, and a healthy respect for the restraint/action paradox), which each encompass a set of habits of mind, to create a useful framework that allows one to unlearn reductionisthabits while adopting and embedding those more conducive to working in complex systems. Habits of mind provide usefulheuristic tools to guide researchers and stakeholders through processes of participative planning and adaptive decision makingin complex social–ecological systems
