摘要：Mountain ecosystems provide a broad range of ecosystem services (ES). Trade-offs between different ES are animportant aspect in the assessment of future sustainable land-use. Management of ES in mountain regions must confront thechallenges of spatial and temporal heterogeneity, and interaction with structural changes in agriculture and forestry. Using asocial-ecological modeling framework, we assess the relationships between forest and agricultural ES in a mountain region inSwitzerland. Based on the concept of jointness in production, we evaluated trade-offs and synergies among food provision,biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and protection against natural hazards. Results show that increasing the provisionof a focal ES in a mountain region may result in alternating trade-offs and synergies, depending on the interaction of economicand technological interdependencies. Thus, management schemes aiming to increase the provision of one focal ES have toconsider not only the technological or biological nature of interrelationships, but also the economic interdependencies amongdifferent ES. Trade-offs and synergies from these interactions strongly depend on the underlying structural and environmentalconditions driven by socioeconomic and climatic developments
