摘要：In the last decade, greater coordination and integration of human service programs have been addressed through legislation, local innovations made possible by radical changes in welfare administration, and pilot studies un-dertaken with private foundation support. Yet too often, gains have been small in scale or ephemeral, and real integration a goal stubbornly out of reach. Why are collaborative efforts so difficult to implement and sustain. Failure has commonly been attributed to "politics," "turf battles," or "personality conflicts" be-tween managers. Increasingly dissatisfied with these ad hoc, individual-level explanations, researchers have sought more systemic causes, focusing on organizational factors, technology, or resources as possible barriers
