摘要：Harry J. Holzer is Professor of Public Policy, Georgetown University, and an IRP affiliate; Steven Raphael is Associate Professor in the Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley; and Michael A. Stoll is Associate Professor in the School of Public Policy and Social Research, University of Califor-nia, Los Angeles, and an IRP affiliate. California houses a disproportionate share of the nation's recently released prisoners, and in 2001, over a third of the prisoners released in the state returned to Los Ange-les. The successful reintegration of this large group into society depends in part on the likelihood that they will find jobs. Using data from the early 1990s, we found that employers' willingness to hire ex-offenders was very lim-ited, even relative to other groups of disadvantaged work-ers such as welfare recipients or the long-term unem-ployed. More troubling, employers who did not formally check criminal backgrounds tended to discriminate statis-tically against applicants who were black or had weak employment records
