摘要：Does the enhancement of women's rights and gender equality lead to greater security. The answer depends on how security is defined and by whom. Gender equity and equality will improve the human security of women, if enacted rather than just promised, and if women are protected from any potential backlash from society or individual men. However, the relationship of gender equality to the security of a nation, such as Pakistan, of a security complex, such as the Afghanistan-Pakistan region, or of the wider community of nations, is somewhat contradictory, as social stability can require non-interference in certain gender regimes that continue to subordinate women. This inaction undermines women's individual security. Whilst modernisation theory insists that women's equality is integral to the social underpinnings of liberal governance and thus of the liberal peace, those very processes of modernisation cause the social disruptions that create both localised and globalized grievance-based movements, that can be both violent and socially reactionary. Gender equality was both a promise and a justificatory discourse in the post 9/11 military action in Afghanistan, but has been frequently compromised or discarded in favour of an interpretation of "security" that privileges stability and social pacification. Modern Pakistan has seen similar oscillations. Can gender equality be promoted in Pakistan in a manner that enhances individual human security, national security and regional security
关键词：gender; securitisation; modernisation; development; Pakistan; Af;-;Pak region
