摘要：Human-wildlife conflicts are a global problem, and are occurring in many countries where human and wildliferequirements overlap. Conflicts are particularly common near protected areas where societal unrest is large. To ease conflict,integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) have been implemented. The Communal Areas ManagementProgramme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is an example of an ICDP. We hypothesized that (i) a higher perceivedeffectiveness of CAMPFIRE would be associated with a decline in human-wildlife conflicts, and (ii) local communities withhigher perceived effectiveness of CAMPFIRE programs would have more favorable attitudes towards problematic wild animals.Four focus group discussions and interviews with 236 respondents were conducted in four local communities adjacent to northernGonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe from December 2010 to August 2011. Moreover, we included data on recorded incidencesof human-wildlife conflicts and CAMPFIRE financial returns to study communities between 2000 and 2010. Our results indicatethat local communities showed considerable differences in how CAMPFIRE effectiveness was perceived. Local communitieswith higher ratings of CAMPFIRE effectiveness generally perceived a decline in human-wildlife conflicts, although some peoplehad experienced problems with wild animals. Attitudes towards main problematic wild animals varied across the studycommunities and were partly associated with perceived CAMPFIRE effectiveness. Our findings partly support both of our studyhypotheses. Contextual factors across the four local communities seemed to influence the perceived effectiveness of CAMPFIREprograms and attitudes towards problematic wildlife species. We recommend that decisions and actions regarding the controlof problem animals be devolved to the community level in order to help reduce human-wildlife conflicts in community-basednatural resources management programs
关键词：attitudes; benefits; human-wildlife conflicts; integrated conservation and development projects; perception;protected areas
