摘要：Sustainable resources management requires a major transformation of existing resource governance andmanagement systems. These have evolved over a long time under an unsustainable management paradigm, e.g., the transformationfrom the traditionally prevailing technocratic flood protection toward the holistic integrated flood management approach. Weanalyzed such transformative changes using three case studies in Europe with a long history of severe flooding: the HungarianTisza and the German and Dutch Rhine. A framework based on societal learning and on an evolutionary understanding of societalchange was applied to identify drivers and barriers for change. Results confirmed the importance of informal learning and actornetworks and their connection to formal policy processes. Enhancing a society's capacity to adapt is a long-term process thatevolves over decades, and in this case, was punctuated by disastrous flood events that promoted windows of opportunity forchange
