摘要：An international overview of the extent and type of ecological restoration can offer new perspectives forunderstanding, planning, and implementation. The Nordic countries, with a great range of natural conditions but historicallysimilar social and political structures, provide an opportunity to compare restoration approaches and efforts across borders. Theaim of this study was to explore variation in ecological restoration using the Nordic countries as an example. We used recentnational assessments and expert evaluations of ecological restoration. Restoration efforts differed among countries: forest andpeatland restoration was most common in Finland, freshwater restoration was most common in Sweden, restoration of naturalheathlands and grasslands was most common in Iceland, restoration of natural and semi-cultural heathlands was most commonin Norway, and restoration of cultural ecosystems, mainly abandoned agricultural land, was most common in Denmark. Ecologicalrestoration currently does not occur on the Faroe Islands. Economic incentives influence ecological restoration and depend onlaws and policies in each country. Our analyses suggest that habitat types determine the methods of ecological restoration,whereas socio-economic drivers are more important for the decisions concerning the timing and location of restoration. Toimprove the understanding, planning, and implementation of ecological restoration, we advocate increased cooperation andknowledge sharing across disciplines and among countries, both in the Nordic countries and internationally. An obvious advantageof such cooperation is that a wider range of experiences from different habitats and different socio-economic conditions becomesavailable and thus provides a more solid basis for developing practical solutions for restoration methods and policies.
关键词：economic incentives; habitats; land use pressure; northern Europe; regional scale; restoration efforts
