摘要：The monitoring of ambient environmental conditions is essential to environmental management and regulation.However, effective monitoring is subject to a range of institutional, political, and legal constraints, constraints that are a productof the need for monitoring to be continuous, long lived, and well matched to the resources being studied. Political pressure ormyopia, conflicting agency goals, the need for institutional autonomy, or a reluctance of agency scientists to pursue monitoringall may make it difficult for ambient monitoring to be effectively undertaken. Even if effective monitoring data is gathered, itmay not be used in decision making. The inevitable residual uncertainty in monitoring data allows stakeholders to contest theuse of monitoring in decision making. Structural solutions, e.g., the creation of agencies to conduct monitoring separate frommanagement or regulation and prompt use of that data in decision making, may be the most promising solutions
