摘要：MY part of the symposium this evening on "History of Women in Medicine" is, as I understand it, the nineteenth century, or the transitional period. During the nineteenth century, women found many opportunities for achievement in various fields of endeavor, prominent among which were literature, teaching, music, and social reform. In medicine, also, there was a considerable interest shown and a striving for adequate'education. In the early part of this century, many men, as well as a few women, were educated in medicine' under apprenticeship to' an older practitioner. Outstanding examples of women doctors practicing with this kind of license were Dr. Mary Lavinder and Dr. Sarah E. Adams of Georgia (1). Doctor Lavinder did not receive commendation from her community for her work until after her death, in 1845. Actually, she had gained all the medical education available to her at that time, since she had studied as a private pupil of Professor James of the University of Pennsylvania, obtaining at the end of her study a certificate titled "Testimonials of her qualifications to practice the obstetric art." This certificate was the only "degree" a woman could receive at this time.
