摘要：The growing size and importance of service sector industries in the U.S. economyraises questions about the suitability of the current environmental management system todeal with perhaps a changing set of environmental concerns. This paper analyzes theenvironmental impacts associated with the activities undertaken and influenced by twoservice sector industries—foodservice (e.g., restaurants) and food retail (e.g., grocerystores). This paper is not a definitive analysis of the magnitude of the environmentaleffects of these industries, but is intended to be a comprehensive survey of the types ofenvironmental implications—positive and negative—of these two service sectors.The foodservice and food retail industries are components of a larger industrialsystem, the food marketing system, that extends from the production of food to themarketing of food products to consumers. The U.S. foodservice industry comprises anestimated 831,000 individual establishments, employs an estimated 11 million people(about 8.6% of the U.S. workforce), and is expected to have total sales of $376 billion in2000. The U.S. food retail industry encompasses approximately 126,000 grocery stores,employs approximately 3.5 million people (about 2.7% of the U.S. workforce), and hadsales totaling $449 billion in 1998.For this analysis, we use a simple conceptual framework that segregates theenvironmental impacts of these industries into three categories: direct, upstream, anddownstream. We conclude that, while the direct environmental impacts (e.g., energy use,solid waste generation; air and water emissions; food safety concerns; refrigerants) ofthese industries are important to recognize and address, opportunities also exist for theseindustries to address their upstream and downstream environmental impacts.
关键词：foodservice; food retail; service sector; environmental impact analysis;sector environmental profile
