摘要：Universities spend considerable public and private funds on research. In 1993-94, for example, research-oriented universities spent $12.3 billion on research, or nearly 16 percent of their total operating budgets (National Center for Education Statistics). Much of this research results in basic innovations and concepts that later allow the private sector to create commercial products (Parker and Zilberman, Mansfield). Other university research may lead directly to commercial-ready or near-ready products. In either situation, universities must facilitate transfer and provide property rights protection if their research findings are to usefully and profitably find their way into the marketplace.
