摘要：The objective of this paper is to define and to estimate a resource use efficiency measureusing a panel of Dutch dairy farms. Resource use efficiency reflects observed to maximum revenue, including the non-positive revenue of bad outputs. It can be decomposed intotechnical and environmental efficiency. Our parametric output distance function allows thecharacteristics of non-point source pollution. Shadow prices of the undesirable output(nitrogen surplus per hectare) are found to be positive for all observations, due to thematerials balance definition of nitrogen surplus. Intensive farms are found to be slightly moreresource use efficient than extensive farms.
