摘要：In this paper, we develop a new method for estimating the producer benefits of technical change, taking account of input or output substitution. Our approach is consistent with a profit function approach to benefit estimation, and can be used to measure the benefits of either a 'cost-reducing', or 'output- expanding', technical change. Our approach combines farm-level linear programming models with index numbers. We use three case studies to illustrate our approach under varying circumstances: (1) when there is no input or output substitution; (2) when there is predominantly output substitution and (3) when there is predominantly input substitution.
关键词：Economic Surplus; Profit Function; Economies of Scope; Input/Output ; Substitution; Benefit Cost Analysis; Linear Programming
