摘要：Total and average per ton costs of land-applying manure demonstrate the importance of spatial factors on the potential effect of policy limits for water and air emissions. Per ton costs vary with the need to transport greater distances for land application, reflecting the spatial distribution of cropland and animal production. Costs are estimated with a regional modeling framework, applied to the Chesapeake Bay watershed that integrates GIS-based spatial data within an optimization framework.
关键词：Regional optimization;geographic information systems;spatial data;manure management;confined animals;nutrient policies;water quality;air quality;Chesapeake Bay
