摘要：Temperature profiling in both fluid and pipe walls had not been explained theoretically. The equations of energy balance and heat conductivity were queried by introducing known parameters to solve heat transfer using virtual mathematical experimentation. This was achieved by remodeling Poiseuille’s equation. Distribution of temperature profiles between pipe wall, fluid flow, and surrounding air was investigated and validated upon comparison with experimental results. A new dimensionless parameter (unified number (U)) was introduced with the aim of solving known errors of the Reynolds and Nusselts number.
