期刊名称：Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review
电子版ISSN：2223-5833
出版年度：2014
卷号：4
期号：3
出版社：Sohar University, Oman and American University of Kuwait
摘要：Today, sport has become a critical social indicator and athletes try to win competitions. This issue caused increasing doing substances abuse particularly anabolic - androgenic steroids. Doping means adminis trating or consuming any external substance or physiologic materials to body at abnormal doses throu gh normal individuals exclusively focusing on achieving unusual and unfair sport efficacy (1). Regarding all advantages of sport, recently too much attention of authorities, coaches and athletes to the competitions' results and peripheral issues such as im proving body appearance by increasing muscles mass, is introduced as a problem leading to increased nutritional disorders and doping among adolescents and youth. Moreover, various promotions of inducing muscular body as the ideal body for males also contri bute to this problem (2). Unfortunately, despite sports federations' efforts in maintaining sportsmen reputation and prestige , drug abuse , with increasingly growth of body buildings gyms, has dangerously emerged and exposed the young population to terrible side effects even death . On the other hand, it has attacked sports culture and respect. The adverse effects of these drugs include disruption of hormonal order due to consuming hormonal substances and central nervous system disorder followed by consuming brain stimulant (3). A thletes , nowadays, compete at the highest level and are often under the pressures of proponents, politicians, coaches, parents, organizations and gyms to achieve sport triumphs. All these pressures cause them to seek for physiologic supremacy, nutritional and mental biomechanics at any cost. Hence, these factors lead athletes to doping (4). Doping is not only drug abuse, but also is related to different cultural, social and moral dimensions. Using drugs and illegal ways are considered as unethical act inconsistent with fair competition ; while violate the values and threaten the athletes' health (5). Consuming various food supplements including daily vitamins, herbal supplements as well as performance - enhancing supplements is also cons iderably increasing (6).
