标题：Prioritization of chemical pollutants emitted by facilities for the management of household waste in France, based on their non-carcinogenic impacts on public health
摘要：Figures See all figures Authors Vincent Nedellec , Julie Lapkoff , Ari Rabl VNC 135, rue de villiers 78300 Poissy France, École des mines de Paris Consultant on Environmental Impacts 6, avenue Faidherbe 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette Key words: air pollutants, health priorities, non carcinogens, risk assessment, waste management DOI : 10.1684/ers.2012.0520 Page(s) : 120-36 Published in: 2012 Background : Health impact assessments provide information for policies governing municipal waste treatment facilities (incinerators, landfills, sorting/recycling centres, composting centres, and green waste methane production facilities). Currently, only the standard pollutants (PM X, NO 2, SO 2, O 3), carcinogens (As, Cd, BaP), and Pb and Hg (for their neurotoxic effects) have been evaluated. Other chemical emissions have been excluded because of the lack of dose-response functions. The purpose of the AMESTIS project is to develop such functions for the non-cancer effects of pollutants emitted during waste treatment. To set the priorities for this work, this paper develops a ranking of these pollutants in terms of their potential health impact. Objective : To identify in waste treatment facility emissions the pollutants with the highest potential for non-cancer health impacts. Methods : The pollutants were inventoried from French studies, position papers and regulations. Two methods for prioritization were tested, one qualitative and one quantitative. The first method assigned points to each pollutant based on information available about the frequency and quantity of its emissions and other relevant aspects of its toxicological profile. The scoring system gives priority to emission rates (frequency and quantity) and to toxic effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and reproductive systems as well as on fetal development. The second method considers the “hazard ratio” for each pollutant, based on its emission rate and available toxicological reference values. After analysing the correlation between the results of both methods a ranking is proposed. Results : About 250 pollutants have been identified in emissions from municipal waste treatment facilities. Quantitative data on their toxicity and emission rates are available for 98. Forty-three are found in incinerator emissions, 88 in landfill biogas, 41 in composting facilities, and 58 in green waste methane production facilities ; 20 are common to the four types of waste treatments. These pollutants include 45 VOCs, 19 metals, 8 PAHs, 8 pesticides, 6 inorganic compounds, 4 BTEX, 4 aldehydes, and 4 persistent organic pollutants. Correlation of the results of the two ranking systems is poor. Independently of the ranking method, the top 10 pollutants in the overall ranking include 7 metals (As, Cd, Mn, Cr, Hg, Ni, Co), 2 organic compounds (naphthalene, benzene) and one inorganic compound (hydrogen sulfide). Lead and dioxins, pollutants that have attracted much attention in this field, are ranked in 19th and 27th place, respectively. If we limit the study to emissions from incinerators only, lead and dioxins move up to 10th and 12th place. Discussion/conclusion : Regardless of ranking method, the results show that metals present the greatest potential for non-cancer health impacts. Here we select arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury and nickel for the development of non-carcinogenic dose-response functions. Furthermore, municipal waste treatment facility emissions in France are still relatively poorly known, in particular those of VOCs from incinerators and sorting/recycling centers. The creation of a national database with detailed results from monitoring of emissions of each facility would fill this knowledge gap. The regulatory emission limits should be supplemented by values for organic compounds (BTEX, PAHs, VOCs), and the limits for metals should be unbundled to avoid mixing elements of very different toxic properties and hence with heterogeneous effects on public health.
关键词：air pollutants; health priorities; non carcinogens; risk assessment; waste management
