摘要：Authors Pascal De Giudici , Marie-Thérèse Guillam , Claire Ségala , Gérard Keck Sepia-Santé 31 rue de Pontivy 56 150 Baud France, Record (Réseau coopératif de recherche sur les déchets et l’environnement) 66, bd Niels Bohr BP 52132 69603 Villeurbanne cedex Key words: biohazard, compost, health risk assessment, sludge DOI : 10.1684/ers.2013.0649 Page(s) : 422-33 Published in: 2013 Some waste management activities can expose both workers and the neighboring general population to microbial risks. Numerous studies have assessed these risks for composting facilities and for sewage sludge applications. Many pathogenic agents (or their components) often found in compost are known to cause adverse health effects, mainly respiratory (e.g., actinomycetes, Aspergillus fumigatus, and endotoxins). These assessments have focused almost exclusively on the risks associated with bioaerosols. Most studies show background-level bioaerosol concentrations more than 200 meters away from composting facilities. Although some data link health effects to bioaerosol concentrations, only those for endotoxins clearly define thresholds for these effects. They nonetheless show worrisome risk levels for the most heavily exposed workers. The risk levels for neighboring populations, on the other hand, remain poorly characterized. Studies have also examined various scenarios of exposure to untreated sewage sludge applied to soil, sludge containing a number of well-identified pathogens that are primarily responsible for digestive disorders. These scenarios include the inhalation of sludge aerosols and the ingestion of cultivated plants or soil dust. Spatial and temporal variability make it difficult to determine germ concentrations in sludge. Transfers from sludge to soil are well documented for a number of microorganisms (unlike transfers to water or vegetation). Dose-response models for ingestion of many pathogens present in sewage sludge are available, and risk assessments could be conducted. Nonetheless, uncertainties at various stages of these evaluations weaken the results of some of the studies. Overall, uncertainties in the assessment of microbiological risks in these sectors must be reduced, and further knowledge about transfers from waste to exposure media must be acquired.
关键词：biohazard; compost; health risk assessment; sludge
