摘要：We observed hummingbirds (Lampornis amethystinus) and two species of wasps (Polistes sp. and Eumenes sp.) foraging at sugar water feeder located under natural condition. Our objectives were to explore how wasps influence the hummingbirds nectar consumption, and whether the feeder-hummingbird-wasp interaction is a good system to investigate the indirect effects and the mutualistic interaction modifiers of a nonpollinating floral visitor onto the plant-hummingbird mutualistic interaction. Hummingbirds feeding behavior was not affected by the presence of Eumenes wasps, while the presence of Polistes wasps impeded hummingbirds from feeding on 72% of the observed visits to the feeder. When Polistes was not at the feeder, hummingbirds fed on 91% of visits. The position and movements of the Polistes wings seems to influence the hummingbirds behavior such as escape or drinking. We suggest that a high density of Polistes wasps may indirectly modify the outcome of a direct plant-hummingbird interaction, since the presence of these wasps may represent a negative effect to the reproduction of plants that depend on hummingbirds to be pollinated.
其他摘要：We observed hummingbirds (Lampornis amethystinus) and two species of wasps (Polistes sp. and Eumenes sp.) foraging at sugar water feeder located under natural condition. Our objectives were to explore how wasps influence the hummingbirds nectar consumption, and whether the feeder-hummingbird-wasp interaction is a good system to investigate the indirect effects and the mutualistic interaction modifiers of a nonpollinating floral visitor onto the plant-hummingbird mutualistic interaction. Hummingbirds feeding behavior was not affected by the presence of Eumenes wasps, while the presence of Polistes wasps impeded hummingbirds from feeding on 72% of the observed visits to the feeder. When Polistes was not at the feeder, hummingbirds fed on 91% of visits. The position and movements of the Polistes wings seems to influence the hummingbirds behavior such as escape or drinking. We suggest that a high density of Polistes wasps may indirectly modify the outcome of a direct plant-hummingbird interaction, since the presence of these wasps may represent a negative effect to the reproduction of plants that depend on hummingbirds to be pollinated.
