其他摘要：Learned helplnsness is presented as an example of "comparative p9Ychology" in every sense of that phrase. The hístory, development, and controversíes of meamed helplessness are reviewed. New lines of research in several domains that have been stimulated, at least in part, by thínking about learned helplessness, are presented, Learned helplessness is presented as an instance of how the value of a particular pieoe of research cannot be well predícted but only judged in retrospeet
