A prospective study was performed to identify knowledge concerning visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in endemic areas of Maranhão, amongst the rural population of the Codó township and in a peripheral urban area (an old settlement, Maracanã, on the outskirts of the city of São Luís, and Vila Nova/Bom Viver, Paço do Lumiar township). A total of 283 persons were interviewed, including 53 from Maracanã, 103 from Vila Nova/Bom Viver, and 127 from Codó. The sites presented favorable conditions for the development and maintenance of VL. Some 93.8% of those interviewed had heard of kala-azar. In Maracanã, 50.9% referred to sandflies as responsible for the transmission of VL, while 87.2% knew that dogs are the main link in the epidemiological cycle of the disease. Some 77.8% of those interviewed did not know how to control the disease. As regards manifestations of the disease, they largely associated it with fever, anemia, weight loss, and an enlarged abdomen. Only five individuals knew that Glucantime® is used to treat VL. We conclude that knowledge is poor with regard to all aspects of VL in both the rural and peripheral urban area.