The Coffee production has totally dominated the social, economic, political and cultural scene of Brazil since the first half of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. In fact, the ups and downs that accompany this culture are mixed with the milestones in the history of this Latin American country. In this paper we analyzed the coffee production in Brazil and its evolution over the last two decades, a period that coincides with profound changes in the global economy and in the way that coffee production is organized in Brazil, with the emergence new dynamics and processes that are presented as major challenges to this important sector of the economy of this country in the near future