摘要：Pragmatics is the study of the use of language in communication, which includes the study of how the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world; how speakers use and understand speech acts; how the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. When the pragmatic force of a language is misunderstood, the communication fails, leading to pragmatic failures. The pragmatic failures are composed of pragmatic linguistic failures and social-pragmatic failures. By improving learners’ linguistic and communicative competence and cultural quality, the pragmatic failures might be avoided.
关键词：pragmatic failure; second language learning; linguistic pragmatic failures; social-pragmatic; failures; communication
