1.The Marketing of Urban Human Waste in the Early Modern Edo/Tokyo Metropolitan Area

作　　者：This article is based on Chapters ;of my Ph.D. dissertation submitted to Tufts University in . I thank Gary Leupp, Matt Kahn, Frank Ackerman, Chris Swan, Kiyoshi Hamano, Kazuhiko Takeuchi ;Ken’ichi Tomobe for extensive comments 等

出　　处：Environnement urbain. 2007 ;1.

出版社：Institut national de la recherche scientifique – Réseau Villes Régions Monde

文章 ID：208603343

文章详细

	Africa	1篇
	Americans in Yokohama, where the international port was built, because the use of horse-drawn carts was necessary for these foreigners. Paving the roads became an urgent project for Japan. The nation hired a British civil engineer, Richard Henry Brunton	1篇
	Andrew DeWit for editorial help. Two anonymous referees provided helpful comments	1篇
	Aoyama	1篇
	Aratake	1篇

	Autumn of Farming Business, , comment on this interdependence. In recent historical literature, Watanabe	1篇
	Autumn of Farming Business]	1篇
	Autumn of Farming Business] authored by Tsuchiya Matazaburô in Kanazawa in	1篇
	Distribution of Vegetables In the city of Edo, the demand for vegetables from the villages was generated primarily by the lower classes	1篇
	Edo, suggesting that the use of the buckets was especially popular around these big cities. Night soil continued to be the primary source of fertilizer in Japanese agriculture, especially in villages on the urban fringe, over the course of the country’s agricultural development until the early twentieth-century. Peasants paid money to purchase night soil as valuable fertilizer	1篇
	Forestry	1篇
	Geography of Urban-Fringe Agriculture The emergence of castle towns	1篇
	Great Britain to build satisfactory settlements for Europeans	1篇
	Hyakushô Denki [Farmer’s Biography], written around in Mikawa region on Tôkaidô by an unknown author, give detailed instructions how to collect wastes	1篇
	Ken’ichi Tomobe for extensive comments	1篇
	Kobayashi	1篇
	Komagome, were among the first markets that sprang up at the edge of the city in the late sixteenth	1篇
	Kôka Shunjû	1篇
	Kôka Shunjû [Spring	1篇
	Mori Yôtarô, in the Komaba School of Agriculture	1篇
	Paris from the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries, city dwellers often threw the contents of their chamber pots out of their windows into the streets below. These practices caused serious public health problems in addition to overall degradation of the living environment	1篇
	Richard Henry Brunton	1篇
	Shimoya	1篇
	This article is based on Chapters	1篇
	Use of Fertilizers Traditional Agricultural Technology	1篇
	Watanabe, . The purpose of this article is to introduce the practice of the use of urban human waste in agricultural production in early-modern	1篇
	abundant manure. Within about three ri they use manure, rapeseed cake	1篇
	academic research by hiring scholars	1篇
	according to the contract, they brought cash to the landlords as reward for the night soil. As such transactions became common, the price of the night soil was standardized, establishing night soil as a market commodity. Farmers came to pick up the nightsoil every couple of weeks, which was then stored in field until it was used for planting	1篇
	accumulation of capital in Edo allowed the city to grow as the center of culinary culture as well	1篇
	actual effectiveness of night soil. In addition, optimal use of manures for different types of crops was studied extensively in government-sponsored research institutes	1篇
	agricultural activities from the eighth to the late twentieth-century	1篇
	agricultural production became more intensive, the use of urbanites’ night soil as fertilizer became popular among farmers in the urban fringe. As the practice became common, various forms of contracts between the supplier	1篇
	agricultural products easier. While the modernization of Japanese cities required some small adjustments in the urban night soil market, agriculture in the urban fringe prospered throughout this period. A land tax reform	1篇
	aims as well to elucidate some of the practice’s implications for the urban environment	1篇
	amounts for fertilizing crops with night soil. Wasteful disposal of even a drop of fujô, or human waste, was strongly discouraged because “mindless disposal of fujô is filthy, first of all. The business of farmers is to create various crops. Any fujô fertilizes the soil, enhancing the growth of thousands of crops.”	1篇
	an original GIS analysis based on the statistics, this section explores the economic geography of urban-fringe agriculture in the late nineteenth-century. Profile of Tokyo’s Land Use	1篇
	animal manure	1篇
	apply them as agricultural manure to different crops. Hyakushô Denki devotes its sixth volume to a discussion of the importance	1篇
	around Tokyo were paved shortly after	1篇

全文

出版年度

作者

来源期刊

学科主题

语种

国别/地区

检索条件:"( ( 高级检索(( ((AU:(("This article is based on Chapters")))) )) ) )"